The spectators have always been one of the main dimensions of football matches and holding matches is not matter without their presence, so, was the main issue of the research the prediction of their re-attendance in the football tournaments. The research method was the survey. The statistical population was all spectators in the Iranian Football Premier League Competitions in the season 2016-17 that 507 samples were randomly selected. A questionnaire on Likert scale was the data collecting tools. The result of the research was a model for predicting Spectators re-attendance in the football matches, it was found that the provided services affect the spectators’ satisfaction and the satisfaction also affect their re-attendance by mediator variables: image, emotional commitment, calculative commitment and loyalty. In the other words, based on the model, 27 indicators through six factors can affect and predict the Spectators re-attendance. Therefore, in view of the main role of the provided services variable, it is recommended will be improved the provided services at the stadiums to increase satisfaction, loyalty and re-attendance of spectators.

Nowadays, football has become a social phenomenon that has attracted a large number of fans. The purpose of this study was to present a paradigmatic model for the presence of female spectators in Iranian football stadiums. The study was done by qualitative research method using a data-based theory approach. Theoretical saturation was achieved by snowball sampling. Fourteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with university professors and football professionals. Validity and reliability of the data were determined by two methods of review by the researchers and review of non-participating experts in the study. The results of data analysis in three stages of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding led to 12 main concepts that were included in the final model: individual and legal factors as causal factors, Infrastructure and planning factors as contextual conditions, political factors as intervening factors and controlled presence was suggested a proper way to normalize the presence of women in football stadiums. Given the model presented, increased behavioral and ethical security in stadiums, development of football industry marketing, cultural growth of spectators, and increased quality of football matches in Iran can be viewed as positive outcomes of women’ s presence in football stadiums.

The aim of this study was to test the model of spectators’ satisfaction in Iran football premier league. The research method was descriptive survey and application in terms of aims. 705 spectators from 10 football premier league teams were selected as the sample. Data were collected by a researcher-made scale based on similar studies of Yoshida and James (2010) and Biscaia et al. (2013). The reliability of the scale was obtained as 0. 93 using Cronbach's alpha. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling were used. The results showed that the model was in a good fit and it can be used to examine football spectators’ satisfaction. The overall effect of referee’ s performance, coach’ s performance, players’ performance, opponents’ characteristics and game atmosphere on game satisfaction was significant. Among those factors influencing game satisfaction, the effect of game atmosphere was more than other paths. The overall effect of facility space, stadium employees and accessibility facilities on service satisfaction was significant. The overall effect of game satisfaction and service satisfaction on behavioral intentions was significant. Overall results showed that although the proposed satisfaction model may not fully reflect consumer behavior intentions, the clubs will benefit from spectators’ perceptions of the quality attributes of sporting events and this information can have a good diagnostic value and provide good guidance to reform, improve and enhance the provided services.

The issue of women attending sport stadiums has long been discussed by experts and government authorities and has not reached a specific conclusion. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate those factors influencing women spectators’ presence in football stadiums. The research population consisted of male spectators who had only experienced to attend men's competitions, as well as women who had only attended the women's competitions. As the number of population was not obvious, 224 subjects (women=114, men=110) were selected by convenience sampling method who had attended stadiums at least 5 times. A 5-point Likert scale researcher-made questionnaire (20 items) was used to collect data. The validity and reliability were confirmed by university professors (r=0. 81). Data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis with orthogonal rotation, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Friedman test and Binomial test at P≤ 0. 05. The results showed that the factors affecting the presence of women spectators were ranked by their means in 4 factors: managerial (2. 69), security (2. 63), cultural (2. 47), and social (2. 22); the priority of these factors was also significant. Accordingly, from the viewpoints of men and women, the development of sports in the family was the most important item affecting the presence of women spectators. Therefore, it is possible to gradually develop the presence of women spectators in football stadiums by developing the culture through family participation in line with Iranian cultural values and security measures.

Background and Aim: Spectators are the most important sporting asset of any country. If their behavior is not managed, they may cause irreparable financial and life losses; therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the antecedents of the law enforcement model of football spectator behavior in Iran, given the key role of law enforcement in securing matches and sporting events. Method: The present qualitative study was a developmental-applied research that was conducted through content analysis. The participant community, which was also controlled on the basis of theoretical saturation principle, consisted of 29 professors, experts and experts related to the subject of the research who were purposefully selected and gathered the required information by using semi-structured individual interviewing and focus group. MAXqda2018 software is also used for classification and coding. Results: According to the objectives of the research, 261 codes were extracted from the 255 pages of interview text in the form of 44 basic themes and then themes with similar concepts were merged and 6 organizing themes (managerial factors, situational factors, legal factors, infrastructural factors). Behavioral-Functional Factors and Cultural-Social Factors) were formulated in the context of one universal theme as the antecedents of the law enforcement model of football spectator behavior in Iran. Conclusion: The identified factors were not directly in the area of law enforcement duties, but they did affect football behaviors, so it is necessary for police commanders and managers to manage their behaviors and management processes based on their behaviors.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the failure-aggression theory of violence among spectators from Esteghlal and Persepolis teams of Tehran from a criminological point of view. In this semi-experimental study 386 independent supporters of Tehran's Independence and Propulsion method were selected randomly. The research data were a questionnaire. The researcher has been compiled in two parts of individual information and practice with 30 questions. In two levels descriptive and non-analytic statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient) are used. The PASS version 19 was used at the significant level of P = 0. 05. The findings of this study emphasized the overcoming of violence in the verbal dimension and subjects such as failure to attend the stadium the popular team's defeat inadequate judging of the referee and the inappropriate play of the popular team the violence of football fans is effective. Overcoming the variable of the defeat of the popular team and the judge's inadequate judgment.

Background and Objective: Over the years, football spectators have converted sport stadiums into battlefields to fight with each other. They take some destructive collective actions which not only destroy public assets, but also challenges police and security forces dispensation. The present research aims at finding suitable approaches to get rid of these actions through reviewing IRI Police managers’ views.Method: In the research, a sample including 126 police managers were randomly selected through using segmental survey. Then their views were measured through using a self-made questionnaire with enough reliability (a=0.87), and the achieved data have analyzed through using binominal test.Findings: It is through using the data resulted from invisible control, police visible physical presence, contentment factors, and psychological operations destructive actions of football spectators can be reduced. Among the five above-mentioned factors, both psychological operations and invisible control have had more impact on preventing the spectators from getting into destructive actions.Conclusion: The data resulted from the research indicates that all the five common collective behavior management approaches (psychological operation, contentment approaches, factors and police visible presence) can be used to prevent spectators from getting into collective riotous actions.